亞里士多德

　　元前 384 年，亞里士多德生于富拉基亞的斯塔基爾希臘移民區(qū)。他的父親是馬其頓國王腓力二世的宮廷侍醫(yī) ，所以他的家庭應(yīng)該屬于奴隸主階級中的中產(chǎn)階層。亞里士多德于公元前367 年遷居到雅典，曾經(jīng)學(xué)過醫(yī)學(xué)，還在雅典柏拉圖學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)過很多年，是柏拉圖學(xué)院的積極參加者。

　　從十八歲到三十八歲在亞里士多德雅典跟柏拉圖學(xué)習(xí)哲學(xué)。這二十年對亞里士多德來說是個很重要的階段，這一時期的學(xué)習(xí)和生活對他一生產(chǎn)生了決定性的影響。蘇格拉底是柏拉圖的

　　老師，亞里士多德又受教于柏拉圖，這三代師徒都是哲學(xué)史上赫赫有名的人物。

　　在雅典的柏拉圖學(xué)園中，亞里士多德表現(xiàn)的很出色，柏拉圖稱他是學(xué)園之靈。但亞里士多德不是一個只崇拜權(quán)威，在學(xué)術(shù)上唯唯諾諾而沒有自己的想法的人。他同大談玄理的老師不

　　同，他努力的收集各種圖書資料，勤奮鉆研，甚至為自己建立了一個圖書室。在學(xué)院期間，亞里士多德就在思想上跟老師有了分歧。他曾經(jīng)隱喻的說過，智慧不會隨柏拉圖一起死亡。

　　當(dāng)柏拉圖到了晚年，他們師生間的分歧更大了，經(jīng)常發(fā)生爭吵。公元前 347 年，柏拉圖去世后，亞里士多德在雅典又繼續(xù)呆了兩年，此后他開始游歷各地。公元前 343 年，他受馬其頓

　　國王腓力二世的聘請，擔(dān)任起太子亞歷山大的老師。當(dāng)時，亞歷山大十三歲，亞里士多德四十二歲。

　　亞里士多德是世界古代史上最偉大的哲學(xué)家、科學(xué)家和教育家。他創(chuàng)立了形式邏輯學(xué)，豐富和發(fā)展了哲學(xué)的各個分支學(xué)科，對科學(xué)做出了巨大的貢獻。

　　Aristotle

　　Aristotle , Greek philosopher and scientist, who shares with Plato and Socrates the distinction of being the most famous of ancient philosophers. He was born at Stagira, in Macedonia, the son of a physician to the royal court. At the age of 17, he went to Athens to study at Platos Academy. He remained there for about 20 years, as a student and then as a teacher.

　　When Plato died in 347 bc, Aristotle moved to Assos, a city in Asia Minor, where a friend of his,Hermias, was ruler. There he counseled Hermias and married his niece and adopted daughter,Pythias. After Hermias was captured and executed by the Persians in 345 bc, Aristotle went to Pella, the Macedonian capital, where he became the tutor of the kings young son Alexander, later known as Alexander the Great. In 335, when Alexander became king, Aristotle returned to Athens and established his own school, the Lyceum. Because much of the discussion in his school took place while teachers and students were walking about the Lyceum grounds, Aristotles school came to be known as the Peripatetic school. Upon the death of Alexander in 323 bc, strong anti-Macedonian feeling developed in Athens, and Aristotle retired to

　　a family estate in Euboea . He died there the following year.

　　Perhaps because of the influence of his fathers medical profession, Aristotles philosophy laid its principal stress on biology, in contrast to Platos emphasis on mathematics. Aristotle regarded theworld as made up of individuals occurring in fixed natural kinds . Each individual has its built-in specific pattern of development and grows toward proper self-realization as a specimen of its type. Growth, purpose, and direction are thus built into nature. Although science studies general kinds, according to Aristotle, these kinds find their existence in particular individuals. Science and philosophy must therefore balance, not simply choose between, the claims of empiricism and formalism .

　　One of the most distinctive of Aristotles philosophic contributions was a new notion of causality.Each thing or event, he thought, has more than one reason that helps to explain what, why, and where it is. Earlier Greek thinkers had tended to assume that only one sort of cause can be really explanatory; Aristotle proposed four.

　　Key words: ancient Greek philosopher scientist

　　亞里士多德

　　元前 384 年，亞里士多德生于富拉基亞的斯塔基爾希臘移民區(qū)。他的父親是馬其頓國王腓力二世的宮廷侍醫(yī) ，所以他的家庭應(yīng)該屬于奴隸主階級中的中產(chǎn)階層。亞里士多德于公元前367 年遷居到雅典，曾經(jīng)學(xué)過醫(yī)學(xué)，還在雅典柏拉圖學(xué)院學(xué)習(xí)過很多年，是柏拉圖學(xué)院的積極參加者。

　　從十八歲到三十八歲在亞里士多德雅典跟柏拉圖學(xué)習(xí)哲學(xué)。這二十年對亞里士多德來說是個很重要的階段，這一時期的學(xué)習(xí)和生活對他一生產(chǎn)生了決定性的影響。蘇格拉底是柏拉圖的

　　老師，亞里士多德又受教于柏拉圖，這三代師徒都是哲學(xué)史上赫赫有名的人物。

　　在雅典的柏拉圖學(xué)園中，亞里士多德表現(xiàn)的很出色，柏拉圖稱他是學(xué)園之靈。但亞里士多德不是一個只崇拜權(quán)威，在學(xué)術(shù)上唯唯諾諾而沒有自己的想法的人。他同大談玄理的老師不

　　同，他努力的收集各種圖書資料，勤奮鉆研，甚至為自己建立了一個圖書室。在學(xué)院期間，亞里士多德就在思想上跟老師有了分歧。他曾經(jīng)隱喻的說過，智慧不會隨柏拉圖一起死亡。

　　當(dāng)柏拉圖到了晚年，他們師生間的分歧更大了，經(jīng)常發(fā)生爭吵。公元前 347 年，柏拉圖去世后，亞里士多德在雅典又繼續(xù)呆了兩年，此后他開始游歷各地。公元前 343 年，他受馬其頓

　　國王腓力二世的聘請，擔(dān)任起太子亞歷山大的老師。當(dāng)時，亞歷山大十三歲，亞里士多德四十二歲。

　　亞里士多德是世界古代史上最偉大的哲學(xué)家、科學(xué)家和教育家。他創(chuàng)立了形式邏輯學(xué)，豐富和發(fā)展了哲學(xué)的各個分支學(xué)科，對科學(xué)做出了巨大的貢獻。

　　Aristotle

　　Aristotle , Greek philosopher and scientist, who shares with Plato and Socrates the distinction of being the most famous of ancient philosophers. He was born at Stagira, in Macedonia, the son of a physician to the royal court. At the age of 17, he went to Athens to study at Platos Academy. He remained there for about 20 years, as a student and then as a teacher.

　　When Plato died in 347 bc, Aristotle moved to Assos, a city in Asia Minor, where a friend of his,Hermias, was ruler. There he counseled Hermias and married his niece and adopted daughter,Pythias. After Hermias was captured and executed by the Persians in 345 bc, Aristotle went to Pella, the Macedonian capital, where he became the tutor of the kings young son Alexander, later known as Alexander the Great. In 335, when Alexander became king, Aristotle returned to Athens and established his own school, the Lyceum. Because much of the discussion in his school took place while teachers and students were walking about the Lyceum grounds, Aristotles school came to be known as the Peripatetic school. Upon the death of Alexander in 323 bc, strong anti-Macedonian feeling developed in Athens, and Aristotle retired to

　　a family estate in Euboea . He died there the following year.

　　Perhaps because of the influence of his fathers medical profession, Aristotles philosophy laid its principal stress on biology, in contrast to Platos emphasis on mathematics. Aristotle regarded theworld as made up of individuals occurring in fixed natural kinds . Each individual has its built-in specific pattern of development and grows toward proper self-realization as a specimen of its type. Growth, purpose, and direction are thus built into nature. Although science studies general kinds, according to Aristotle, these kinds find their existence in particular individuals. Science and philosophy must therefore balance, not simply choose between, the claims of empiricism and formalism .

　　One of the most distinctive of Aristotles philosophic contributions was a new notion of causality.Each thing or event, he thought, has more than one reason that helps to explain what, why, and where it is. Earlier Greek thinkers had tended to assume that only one sort of cause can be really explanatory; Aristotle proposed four.

　　Key words: ancient Greek philosopher scientist