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英語講義【137】詞語的搭配

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英語講義【137】詞語的搭配

  不管是從句法或修辭角度看,詞語的搭配,都占據重要的位置,不可不察。

  一般上說,下列這些場合中的詞語要配合好,句子的結構才會和諧,詞語才會相稱:

  ① 主語動詞

  ② 動詞賓語

  ③ 修飾語詞類

  ④ 形容詞名詞

  ⑤ 副詞動詞

  ⑥ 形容詞分句先行詞

  詞語的搭配,對學習中英文的人來說尤其重要,因為中英文在詞語的搭配上有同有異。例如英語同一個動詞wear,可以和不同的名詞賓語搭配,如:WEAR+shoes/ clothes/ spectacles等。中文就不行;中文的穿只能和衣鞋連用,眼鏡就要改為戴了。

  再舉cut為例。英語里可以說CUT+ grass/ finger-nails/ a tooth/ prices/ a stone figure/ a record。在中文里cut(割)只能和草連用;其他的名詞賓語,就需要別的動詞,如:剪指甲、出牙齒、減價、雕刻石像、灌錄唱片。

  同樣道理,中文里同一個動詞,英語里卻需要不同動詞,如:

  風蕭蕭、雨蕭蕭、馬蕭蕭、樹蕭蕭the wind whistled, the rain pattered, the horse neighed, the tree murmured.

  在英語的錯誤中,詞語的搭配不是嚴重的一類,但也時有出現。例如①a里的動詞harmed和主語houses不合;②里的賓語knowledge及experience和動詞exercise格格不入;③a里的修飾語upset和被修飾的名詞eyes很不相稱。把它們改為①b、②b和③b之后,詞語間的搭配就很舒暢了:

  ①a. Many houses in the low-lying area were harmed by the floods.

   b. Many houses in the low-lying area were damaged by the floods.

  ②a. This will give you an opportunity to exercise your knowledge and experience.

   b. This will give you an opportunity to use/ make use of your knowledge and experience.

  ③a. Upset by the thick smoke, Susans eyes were filled with tears.

   b. Irritated by the thick smoke, Susans eyes were filled with tears.

  現在請看看下列各句中都有個不相稱的詞語,改正后,才順口:

  ④ The authorities preferred to educate dog owners rather than jeopardise them for every little transgression. (penalise/punish)

  ⑤ Anyone charged with skyrocketing a political regime will be severely dealt with. (dismantling/disintegrating)

  ⑥ Weapons easily become slipshod and the need to acquire new arms can be very ruinous to national coffers. (obsolete/outmoded)

  ⑦ Good health is especically vital to old people who are prone to anticipatory diseases. (degenerative)

  ⑧ Some people are sanguine about the situation and think that the scandal would soon blow over without severe misery of the present political system. (dislocation/dysfunction)

  

  不管是從句法或修辭角度看,詞語的搭配,都占據重要的位置,不可不察。

  一般上說,下列這些場合中的詞語要配合好,句子的結構才會和諧,詞語才會相稱:

  ① 主語動詞

  ② 動詞賓語

  ③ 修飾語詞類

  ④ 形容詞名詞

  ⑤ 副詞動詞

  ⑥ 形容詞分句先行詞

  詞語的搭配,對學習中英文的人來說尤其重要,因為中英文在詞語的搭配上有同有異。例如英語同一個動詞wear,可以和不同的名詞賓語搭配,如:WEAR+shoes/ clothes/ spectacles等。中文就不行;中文的穿只能和衣鞋連用,眼鏡就要改為戴了。

  再舉cut為例。英語里可以說CUT+ grass/ finger-nails/ a tooth/ prices/ a stone figure/ a record。在中文里cut(割)只能和草連用;其他的名詞賓語,就需要別的動詞,如:剪指甲、出牙齒、減價、雕刻石像、灌錄唱片。

  同樣道理,中文里同一個動詞,英語里卻需要不同動詞,如:

  風蕭蕭、雨蕭蕭、馬蕭蕭、樹蕭蕭the wind whistled, the rain pattered, the horse neighed, the tree murmured.

  在英語的錯誤中,詞語的搭配不是嚴重的一類,但也時有出現。例如①a里的動詞harmed和主語houses不合;②里的賓語knowledge及experience和動詞exercise格格不入;③a里的修飾語upset和被修飾的名詞eyes很不相稱。把它們改為①b、②b和③b之后,詞語間的搭配就很舒暢了:

  ①a. Many houses in the low-lying area were harmed by the floods.

   b. Many houses in the low-lying area were damaged by the floods.

  ②a. This will give you an opportunity to exercise your knowledge and experience.

   b. This will give you an opportunity to use/ make use of your knowledge and experience.

  ③a. Upset by the thick smoke, Susans eyes were filled with tears.

   b. Irritated by the thick smoke, Susans eyes were filled with tears.

  現在請看看下列各句中都有個不相稱的詞語,改正后,才順口:

  ④ The authorities preferred to educate dog owners rather than jeopardise them for every little transgression. (penalise/punish)

  ⑤ Anyone charged with skyrocketing a political regime will be severely dealt with. (dismantling/disintegrating)

  ⑥ Weapons easily become slipshod and the need to acquire new arms can be very ruinous to national coffers. (obsolete/outmoded)

  ⑦ Good health is especically vital to old people who are prone to anticipatory diseases. (degenerative)

  ⑧ Some people are sanguine about the situation and think that the scandal would soon blow over without severe misery of the present political system. (dislocation/dysfunction)

  

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