省略句

　　莎士比亞曾經說過：Brevity is the soul of wit. （言以簡為貴）。為了使話說得簡明扼要，英語句子中某個單詞、短語甚至從句或主句都可以省去。這種省去句子某些成分而保持句子意思不變的現象，稱為省略（ellipsis）。一、?省略的目的

　　省略多見于非正式的文體，尤其在對話中，省略是一種十分普遍的現象。英語中的省略一般說來有三個目的：

　　A．?避免重復，減少累贅。

　　省略的主要目的是避免重復，去掉不必要的累贅和繁瑣。 ? Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn't come to school to see me the next day. 邁克說他第二 天要來學校看我，但是第二天他并沒有來學校看我。 ? -- Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn't. 邁克說他第二天要來學校看我，但是他并沒有來。(省掉最后九個詞，句子簡潔多了) ? — What did he want yesterday 他昨天要了什么？ —?An apple. 一個蘋果。（如果回答時說出全文“He wanted an apple yesterday”，便顯得別扭，不自然）B．?連接緊密，結構緊湊。

　　省略也是使上下文緊密連接的一種修辭手段。 ? John was the winner in 1994 and Bob in 1998. 約翰是1994年的獲勝者，鮑勃是1998年的獲勝者。（Bob后省略了was the winner，句子結構顯得比較緊湊） ? In some places we stopped in tents for the night, in other places in caves. 我們在有些地方住在帳篷里過夜，在有些地方住在山洞里。（in other places 后省略了主語和謂語we stopped for the night，上下文連接更加緊密） ? 省略： ? 回答問題要簡潔，并列重復需省略。祈使主語常省略，比較than后需省略。賓從表從that勿省略。前后出現同一詞，習慣表達需省略。C．強調重點，突出信息。 ? 省略的另一作用是突出新的信息。 ? Truth speaks too low, hypocrisy too loud. 真理講話聲太低，虛偽講話聲太高。（后一分句省略謂語speaks，突出了too loud） ? — Have you told him that 你把那告訴他了嗎？ ? — Not yet. 還沒有呢。(= I have not told him that yet. 強調not yet ) ? 二、?可省略的成分

　　省略大致可歸納為功能詞的省略和語法結構上的省略兩種。在很多情況下，這兩種省略存在著交叉的關系，即有時既是功能詞的省略，同時又是語法結構上的省略。

　　A．?功能詞的省略

　　功能詞指的是沒有完整意義，但有語法意義的詞，如冠詞、介詞、助動詞等。英語句子結構的簡潔，首先表現在功能詞的省略上。

　　1．冠詞的省略 ? They elected John (the) monitor of the class. 他們選約翰當班長。 ? A man and (a) woman are talking in the office. 辦公室一男一女正在談話。 ? He could not understand why there was no noise coming from the house, not even the sound of the radio or (the) television. 他不明白為什么從屋子里一點響聲也沒傳出來，甚至連收音機和電視機的聲音也沒有。 ? 提示： ? 在英語資訊標題、告示中，經常省略冠詞。 ? Chinese President Stresses Role of Working Class 中國國家主席強調工人階級作用 （資訊標題 = The Chinese President Stresses the Role of the Working Class） ? People Rebuild Homes After Flood 洪水退后人民重建家園（資訊標題 = The People Rebuild Their Homes After the Flood） ? DO NOT SPEAK TO DRIVER WHILE BUS IS IN MOTION 汽車在行駛時請勿和司機講話。（告示 = Do not speak to the driver while the bus is in motion）

　　2．代詞的省略 ? I went to the market, (I) bought something useful, and (I) returned home within an hour. 我去了市場，買了點有用的東西，一小時之內就回來了。 ? They didn't like it, yet (they) said nothing. 他們并不喜歡它，可是什么話也沒說。 ? (It) Doesn't matter. 這不礙事。 ? (You) Had a good time, didn't you 玩得開心，是吧？ ? I like your two small bottles, but I don't like the smallest (one). 我喜歡你的兩只小瓶子，但我不喜歡最小的那一只。3．連詞的省略 ? We are delighted (that) you can come. 你能來，我們很高興。 ? I believe (that) you will succeed．我相信你們會成功的。 ? It's a pity (that) he's leaving. 他要走，真遺憾。

　　4．關系詞的省略 ? I'll give you all (that) I have. 我要把我所有的一切都給你。 ? He read the book (which) I got yesterday. 他看過我昨天買的書了。 ? It wasn't I (who) let him in. 不是我放他進來的。 ? It happened on the day (when) we first met. 這發生在我們初次見面的那一天。 ? There is a man (who) wants to see you. 有個人想要見你。5．助動詞的省略 ? (Does) Anyone want a drink 有誰要喝一杯嗎？ ? Who (do) you think you are 你以為你是誰？（在特殊疑問句中，當主語是第二人稱時，助動詞do可省略） ? I (have) got to go now. 我得走了。6．不定式符號的省略 ? I hope to finish my job and (to) go back home. 我希望做完事回家。（當幾個不定式并列時，一般只需在第一個不定式前用to） ? What we could do was (to) get away. （主語從句中含有do，那么作表語的動詞不定式往往省略to） ? We did not dare (to) speak. 我們不敢說話。（dare作行為動詞用時，否定式可省略to） ? There is nothing to do but (to) obey the orders. 除了服從命令之外，我們別無他法。（介詞but前如有do，but后可省略to）

　　注意： ? 當兩個并列的不定式在意義上表示對比關系時，后面的不定式一般不省略to。 ? To be or not to be, that is the question. 活著還是死亡，這就是問題所在。（莎士比亞） ? It was better to laugh than to cry. 笑比哭好。7．介詞的省略 ?? He went (in) that way. 他往那邊去了。 ? The two boys are (of) the same age. 這兩個男孩年齡一樣大。 ? I am in doubt (about) whether this is right or not. 我拿不定主意這對不對。 ? You may come to see me (at) any time between 4 and 5. 你在4點到5點之間隨時都可以來見我。 ? She must have stayed here (for) a long time. 她在這里一定呆了很久了。 ? 必背： ? 在下列結構中，介詞in常常省略。 ? be busy (in) doing sth.? 忙于做某事 ? spend time (in) doing sth.? 花時間做某事 ? waste energy (in) doing sth.? 浪費精力做某事 ? have difficulty (in) doing sth.? 做某事有困難 ? have a good time (in) doing sth.? 某事做得非常愉快 ? have a hard time (in) doing sth.? 某事做得很艱難 ? take turns (in) doing sth.? 輪流做某事 ? It is no use (in) doing sth.? 做某事沒有用 ? It is no good (in) doing sth.? 做某事無益 ? There is no hurry (in) doing sth.? 不必著急做某事 ? There is no point (in) doing sth.? 做某事無意義 ? There is no use (in) doing sth.? 做某事沒有用8．引導詞there的省略 ? (There) Ought to be some coffee in the pot. 壺里應該有些咖啡的。 ? (There) Must be somebody waiting for you. 肯定有人在等你。B．?句子成分的省略

　　為了避免重復，或者為了使某一內容顯要注目，可以省略某些句子成分而保持句子原意不變。

　　1．省略主語 ? Hope so. 希望如此。（= I hope so.） ? Beg your pardon. 請你原諒。（= I beg your pardon.） ? Take care! 當心！（= You take care.） ? Looks as if it will rain. 看起來像要下雨。（= It looks as if it will rain.） ? Serves you right. 你活該！（= It serves you right.） ? 注意： ? 祈使句主語通常省略（如Take care! 當心！）。但有時為了明確對方，可加上主語。 ? You feed the bird today, will you 今天你喂鳥，好嗎？ ? Somebody answer the phone, please. 請來個人接一下電話。2．省略謂語 ? Anything the matter？要緊嗎？（= Is anything the matter） ? Who next 該誰了？（= Who comes next） ? Just a moment, please. 請等一會兒。（= Just wait a moment, please.） ? The river was deep and the ice thin. 河很深，冰很薄。（= The river was deep and the ice was thin.） ? We'll do the best we can. 我們將盡力而為。（= We'll do the best we can do.） ? What we can't get seems better than what we have. 我們得不到的似乎要比我們已經得到的要好。（= What we can't get seems better than what we have got.）3．省略表語 ? Are you ready? Yes, I am. 你準備好了嗎？ 我準備好了。（am后面省略了表語ready） ? He is a lover of sports as he was in his youth. 他還是像年輕時那樣，是一位運動愛好者。（was后面省略了表語a lover of sports） ? China has been, and still is, the most populous country in the world. 中國過去是，而且現在還是世界上人口最多的國家。 （= China has been the most populous country in the world and still is the most populous country in the world.）4．省略賓語 ? We have to analyze and solve problems. 我們必須分析問題解決問題。（analyze后省略了賓語problems） ? I struck match after match, but could not light. 我劃了一根又一根火柴，但一根也沒劃著。（light后省略了賓語a match） ? Let's do the dishes. I'll wash and you'll dry. 讓我們洗碗吧，我來洗，你來揩干。（wash和dry后面省略了賓語dishes）5．省略定語 ? He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved. 他花了一部分錢，其余的他都存了起來。（the rest后面省略了定語of the money）6．省略狀語 ? (Even) The wisest man cannot know everything. 即使最聰明的人也不能無所不知。 ? Mary spoke (rudely), and John answered rudely. 瑪麗說得粗魯，約翰答得也粗魯。 ? He was not hurt. (How) Strange! 他沒有受傷，真奇怪！

　　省略句

　　莎士比亞曾經說過：Brevity is the soul of wit. （言以簡為貴）。為了使話說得簡明扼要，英語句子中某個單詞、短語甚至從句或主句都可以省去。這種省去句子某些成分而保持句子意思不變的現象，稱為省略（ellipsis）。一、?省略的目的

　　省略多見于非正式的文體，尤其在對話中，省略是一種十分普遍的現象。英語中的省略一般說來有三個目的：

　　A．?避免重復，減少累贅。

　　省略的主要目的是避免重復，去掉不必要的累贅和繁瑣。 ? Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn't come to school to see me the next day. 邁克說他第二 天要來學校看我，但是第二天他并沒有來學校看我。 ? -- Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn't. 邁克說他第二天要來學校看我，但是他并沒有來。(省掉最后九個詞，句子簡潔多了) ? — What did he want yesterday 他昨天要了什么？ —?An apple. 一個蘋果。（如果回答時說出全文“He wanted an apple yesterday”，便顯得別扭，不自然）B．?連接緊密，結構緊湊。

　　省略也是使上下文緊密連接的一種修辭手段。 ? John was the winner in 1994 and Bob in 1998. 約翰是1994年的獲勝者，鮑勃是1998年的獲勝者。（Bob后省略了was the winner，句子結構顯得比較緊湊） ? In some places we stopped in tents for the night, in other places in caves. 我們在有些地方住在帳篷里過夜，在有些地方住在山洞里。（in other places 后省略了主語和謂語we stopped for the night，上下文連接更加緊密） ? 省略： ? 回答問題要簡潔，并列重復需省略。祈使主語常省略，比較than后需省略。賓從表從that勿省略。前后出現同一詞，習慣表達需省略。C．強調重點，突出信息。 ? 省略的另一作用是突出新的信息。 ? Truth speaks too low, hypocrisy too loud. 真理講話聲太低，虛偽講話聲太高。（后一分句省略謂語speaks，突出了too loud） ? — Have you told him that 你把那告訴他了嗎？ ? — Not yet. 還沒有呢。(= I have not told him that yet. 強調not yet ) ? 二、?可省略的成分

　　省略大致可歸納為功能詞的省略和語法結構上的省略兩種。在很多情況下，這兩種省略存在著交叉的關系，即有時既是功能詞的省略，同時又是語法結構上的省略。

　　A．?功能詞的省略

　　功能詞指的是沒有完整意義，但有語法意義的詞，如冠詞、介詞、助動詞等。英語句子結構的簡潔，首先表現在功能詞的省略上。

　　1．冠詞的省略 ? They elected John (the) monitor of the class. 他們選約翰當班長。 ? A man and (a) woman are talking in the office. 辦公室一男一女正在談話。 ? He could not understand why there was no noise coming from the house, not even the sound of the radio or (the) television. 他不明白為什么從屋子里一點響聲也沒傳出來，甚至連收音機和電視機的聲音也沒有。 ? 提示： ? 在英語資訊標題、告示中，經常省略冠詞。 ? Chinese President Stresses Role of Working Class 中國國家主席強調工人階級作用 （資訊標題 = The Chinese President Stresses the Role of the Working Class） ? People Rebuild Homes After Flood 洪水退后人民重建家園（資訊標題 = The People Rebuild Their Homes After the Flood） ? DO NOT SPEAK TO DRIVER WHILE BUS IS IN MOTION 汽車在行駛時請勿和司機講話。（告示 = Do not speak to the driver while the bus is in motion）

　　2．代詞的省略 ? I went to the market, (I) bought something useful, and (I) returned home within an hour. 我去了市場，買了點有用的東西，一小時之內就回來了。 ? They didn't like it, yet (they) said nothing. 他們并不喜歡它，可是什么話也沒說。 ? (It) Doesn't matter. 這不礙事。 ? (You) Had a good time, didn't you 玩得開心，是吧？ ? I like your two small bottles, but I don't like the smallest (one). 我喜歡你的兩只小瓶子，但我不喜歡最小的那一只。3．連詞的省略 ? We are delighted (that) you can come. 你能來，我們很高興。 ? I believe (that) you will succeed．我相信你們會成功的。 ? It's a pity (that) he's leaving. 他要走，真遺憾。

　　4．關系詞的省略 ? I'll give you all (that) I have. 我要把我所有的一切都給你。 ? He read the book (which) I got yesterday. 他看過我昨天買的書了。 ? It wasn't I (who) let him in. 不是我放他進來的。 ? It happened on the day (when) we first met. 這發生在我們初次見面的那一天。 ? There is a man (who) wants to see you. 有個人想要見你。5．助動詞的省略 ? (Does) Anyone want a drink 有誰要喝一杯嗎？ ? Who (do) you think you are 你以為你是誰？（在特殊疑問句中，當主語是第二人稱時，助動詞do可省略） ? I (have) got to go now. 我得走了。6．不定式符號的省略 ? I hope to finish my job and (to) go back home. 我希望做完事回家。（當幾個不定式并列時，一般只需在第一個不定式前用to） ? What we could do was (to) get away. （主語從句中含有do，那么作表語的動詞不定式往往省略to） ? We did not dare (to) speak. 我們不敢說話。（dare作行為動詞用時，否定式可省略to） ? There is nothing to do but (to) obey the orders. 除了服從命令之外，我們別無他法。（介詞but前如有do，but后可省略to）

　　注意： ? 當兩個并列的不定式在意義上表示對比關系時，后面的不定式一般不省略to。 ? To be or not to be, that is the question. 活著還是死亡，這就是問題所在。（莎士比亞） ? It was better to laugh than to cry. 笑比哭好。7．介詞的省略 ?? He went (in) that way. 他往那邊去了。 ? The two boys are (of) the same age. 這兩個男孩年齡一樣大。 ? I am in doubt (about) whether this is right or not. 我拿不定主意這對不對。 ? You may come to see me (at) any time between 4 and 5. 你在4點到5點之間隨時都可以來見我。 ? She must have stayed here (for) a long time. 她在這里一定呆了很久了。 ? 必背： ? 在下列結構中，介詞in常常省略。 ? be busy (in) doing sth.? 忙于做某事 ? spend time (in) doing sth.? 花時間做某事 ? waste energy (in) doing sth.? 浪費精力做某事 ? have difficulty (in) doing sth.? 做某事有困難 ? have a good time (in) doing sth.? 某事做得非常愉快 ? have a hard time (in) doing sth.? 某事做得很艱難 ? take turns (in) doing sth.? 輪流做某事 ? It is no use (in) doing sth.? 做某事沒有用 ? It is no good (in) doing sth.? 做某事無益 ? There is no hurry (in) doing sth.? 不必著急做某事 ? There is no point (in) doing sth.? 做某事無意義 ? There is no use (in) doing sth.? 做某事沒有用8．引導詞there的省略 ? (There) Ought to be some coffee in the pot. 壺里應該有些咖啡的。 ? (There) Must be somebody waiting for you. 肯定有人在等你。B．?句子成分的省略

　　為了避免重復，或者為了使某一內容顯要注目，可以省略某些句子成分而保持句子原意不變。

　　1．省略主語 ? Hope so. 希望如此。（= I hope so.） ? Beg your pardon. 請你原諒。（= I beg your pardon.） ? Take care! 當心！（= You take care.） ? Looks as if it will rain. 看起來像要下雨。（= It looks as if it will rain.） ? Serves you right. 你活該！（= It serves you right.） ? 注意： ? 祈使句主語通常省略（如Take care! 當心！）。但有時為了明確對方，可加上主語。 ? You feed the bird today, will you 今天你喂鳥，好嗎？ ? Somebody answer the phone, please. 請來個人接一下電話。2．省略謂語 ? Anything the matter？要緊嗎？（= Is anything the matter） ? Who next 該誰了？（= Who comes next） ? Just a moment, please. 請等一會兒。（= Just wait a moment, please.） ? The river was deep and the ice thin. 河很深，冰很薄。（= The river was deep and the ice was thin.） ? We'll do the best we can. 我們將盡力而為。（= We'll do the best we can do.） ? What we can't get seems better than what we have. 我們得不到的似乎要比我們已經得到的要好。（= What we can't get seems better than what we have got.）3．省略表語 ? Are you ready? Yes, I am. 你準備好了嗎？ 我準備好了。（am后面省略了表語ready） ? He is a lover of sports as he was in his youth. 他還是像年輕時那樣，是一位運動愛好者。（was后面省略了表語a lover of sports） ? China has been, and still is, the most populous country in the world. 中國過去是，而且現在還是世界上人口最多的國家。 （= China has been the most populous country in the world and still is the most populous country in the world.）4．省略賓語 ? We have to analyze and solve problems. 我們必須分析問題解決問題。（analyze后省略了賓語problems） ? I struck match after match, but could not light. 我劃了一根又一根火柴，但一根也沒劃著。（light后省略了賓語a match） ? Let's do the dishes. I'll wash and you'll dry. 讓我們洗碗吧，我來洗，你來揩干。（wash和dry后面省略了賓語dishes）5．省略定語 ? He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved. 他花了一部分錢，其余的他都存了起來。（the rest后面省略了定語of the money）6．省略狀語 ? (Even) The wisest man cannot know everything. 即使最聰明的人也不能無所不知。 ? Mary spoke (rudely), and John answered rudely. 瑪麗說得粗魯，約翰答得也粗魯。 ? He was not hurt. (How) Strange! 他沒有受傷，真奇怪！