Mightier than the sword

　　雄文勝武

　　The collected thoughts on this, that and the other oftwo clever men;

　　兩位智者對(duì)于世間百態(tài)的思想?yún)R聚;

　　When writers are grand enough, they can producebooks by recycling their journalism, lectures,academic papers and other jottings. Sometimesthat can seem dated and lazy. Sometimes it is atreat: the assorted pieces come together to create a great mosaic. Neither Facts areSubversive by Timothy Garton Ash, an Oxford-based writer and academic, nor Gray sAnatomy by John Gray, a political philosopher, fall into the first trap . They are both good reads. But neither quite reaches the goal of the whole beingmore interesting than the parts.

　　當(dāng)作者之聲名足夠顯赫時(shí)，他們只需將其資訊稿件、講演錄、學(xué)術(shù)論文以及其他只言片語(yǔ)回爐再加工一番，新書(shū)便告完成。有時(shí)，這種做法似乎是在偷工減料地翻炒冷飯;有時(shí)，它卻為讀者奉上一場(chǎng)新的盛宴：混雜的碎片化零為整，一幅偉大的鑲嵌作品從中誕生。無(wú)論是由身處牛津的作家與學(xué)者提摩西加頓阿什所著之《事實(shí)方具顛覆性》，還是政治哲學(xué)家約翰格雷的作品《格雷剖析錄》，都未陷入前一種窘境，兩者皆為優(yōu)秀的讀物;不過(guò)，它們也未完全實(shí)現(xiàn)令整體勝于部分的目標(biāo)。

　　Mr Garton Ash is incapable of writing a dull article. Unlike some famous-name writers, he isproud to be a reporter: whatever the subject, he digs diligently. He observes sharply andwith a dry donnish wit that deserves greater play. A remarkable wordsmith, at his best hehas an echo of one of his great heroes, George Orwell. The pieces range from his firststamping-grounds of Germany and central Europe to the bigger themes he took on later and tomore exotic places, including Brazil, Iran and Myanmar.

　　加頓阿什不會(huì)撰寫(xiě)那些干澀無(wú)趣的文章，與某些知名作家不同，他為身為記者而自豪：無(wú)論面對(duì)何種主題，他都會(huì)勤奮挖掘素材。其評(píng)論一針見(jiàn)血，字里行間所透出之學(xué)究式的冷冷嘲諷，讓人讀來(lái)不禁有大材小用之嘆。這位非凡的語(yǔ)言大師在其巔峰時(shí)期，甚至能在筆下中重現(xiàn)喬治奧威爾當(dāng)年的風(fēng)采，而后者正是加頓阿什心目中的偉大英雄人物之一。本書(shū)收錄的零散作品，其范圍從他最初頻繁涉足的德國(guó)與中歐，延伸到他于日后挑戰(zhàn)的更大主題，并一直遠(yuǎn)達(dá)更富異域情調(diào)的地區(qū)，其中包括巴西、伊朗和緬甸。

　　His aim is to chronicle the history of the nameless decade, the period that began with theterrorist attacks on America in September 2001 and ended with the election of BarackObama last year. The subjects encompassed in that time include authoritariangovernments, the challenge to liberalism raised by Islam and the corrosive combinationof the Bush administration s bungled foreign policy and Europe s unthinking anti-Americanism.

　　加頓阿什旨在為無(wú)名年代修史，這一時(shí)期始于2001年九月美國(guó)所受之恐怖襲擊，止于去年巴拉克奧巴馬當(dāng)選。其間所含的主題包括威權(quán)主義政府、伊斯蘭教向自由主義發(fā)起的挑戰(zhàn)，以及由布什政府的外交失策與歐洲輕率的反美思潮所構(gòu)成之惡性結(jié)合。

　　But Mr Garton Ash s silver nib wiggles past those constraints. The best essays in the book aretimeless. One is a nuanced and convincing piece, both sympathetic and devastating,about Gnter Grass, the German novelist, who revealed in his memoirs that he had brieflybeen in the Waffen SS. Did that taint Mr Grass s books, or his role in public life, or both orneither? Was it the wartime service that was shameful, or its concealment over decades?Mr Garton Ash brings the reader sure-footedly through the thickets of Germany s post-warhistory and through the marshy ground of moral relativism. He points to the real scandal:that Mr Grass was himself so casually splenetic over so many years about other people sshortcomings, while concealing his own.

　　不過(guò)加頓阿什的妙筆卻如行云流水一般無(wú)拘無(wú)束，書(shū)中最佳的作品并不為時(shí)代背景所累。其中，關(guān)于德國(guó)小說(shuō)家君特格拉斯的一篇文章細(xì)致入微、令人信服，字詞間既存有惻隱，又不留情面;這位德國(guó)作家在其回憶錄中透露，當(dāng)年曾短暫效力于納粹黨衛(wèi)軍。這段歷史是令其著作黯然失色?還是使他在公共生活中所扮演的角色沾上污點(diǎn)?或者說(shuō)兩者都未能幸免，抑或皆不受其影響?究竟是戰(zhàn)時(shí)服役一事令其蒙羞，還是日后數(shù)十年之隱瞞為人不齒?在加頓阿什的帶領(lǐng)下，讀者們步履穩(wěn)健地穿過(guò)了德國(guó)戰(zhàn)后歷史的迷宮，走出了道德相對(duì)主義的泥潭，真正的丑行被他指出：這么多年以來(lái)，格拉斯在給自己遮羞的同時(shí)，卻對(duì)他人的短處如此隨意地表現(xiàn)出義憤填膺之狀。

　　Another excellent piece touches on a comparable issue: the list of suspected communistsympathisers that Orwell supplied to the British authorities in 1949. Again, Mr Garton Ash isscrupulously fair, highlighting Orwell s sincere fear of communistinfiltration, as well as his fumbling feelings for Celia Kirwan, the British official involved.

　　另一篇杰作則涉及到一個(gè)與前例有可比性的話題：奧威爾于1949年向英國(guó)當(dāng)局提交的那份共產(chǎn)主義疑似同情者的名單。加頓阿什再一次地表現(xiàn)出了一絲不茍的公正態(tài)度，在文中強(qiáng)調(diào)了奧威爾對(duì)共產(chǎn)主義滲透行為的真切恐懼，以及他對(duì)希蓮柯雯所抱有的為愛(ài)所醉之情。

　　Some of the reworked articles are commendable journalism, but do not quite stand the testof time. Mr Garton Ash s observations from his trip to Iran in 2005 seem a bit whiskery now.It is nostalgic to read about the fall of crony capitalism in Ukraine five years ago. But thereader is left hankering to know what Mr Garton Ash thinks about the mess that hassucceeded it. A fiercer editor might have left out such pieces, and pruned the author soccasional lapses into self-indulgence . Thatmay not matter in individual newspaper columns. It jars when collected in a book.

　　在經(jīng)過(guò)重新修訂的文章中，有一些是可圈可點(diǎn)的資訊稿件，不過(guò)它們并不能完全經(jīng)受住時(shí)間的考驗(yàn)。加頓阿什從其2005年伊朗之行中得出的觀察結(jié)論在今天看來(lái)已有幾分過(guò)時(shí);他關(guān)于五年前權(quán)貴資本主義在烏克蘭垮臺(tái)的文章，如今讀來(lái)確實(shí)令人懷念往昔;但讀者們想了解加頓阿什對(duì)于政權(quán)更迭之后的亂局有何見(jiàn)解的渴望卻未得到滿足。換做一位下手更狠的編輯，此類(lèi)文章大概會(huì)被略去，而作者偶然的敗筆也會(huì)被修剪成隨性之舉的模樣。對(duì)于個(gè)別的報(bào)紙專(zhuān)欄而言，出現(xiàn)這一問(wèn)題可能無(wú)傷大雅;但匯集成書(shū)后，它便顯得甚為刺眼。

　　Mr Gray s book is darker, grittier and more ambitious. Mr Garton Ash is happy to lambastthe West s specific shortcomings but Mr Gray sets out to unpick the shallow philosophicalfoundations of the whole edifice, in particular the modern myths about progress andperfectibility. He demolishes the theory that we have reached the end of history, thedogmas of secular liberalism, the weaknesses of financial casino capitalism and the limits ofenergy-intensive economic growth. Such targets deserve his scrutiny and Mr Gray scriticisms are cogent. But he tends to overdo it. Again and again he attacks thepeople he calls neoliberals without pinning down whom he isattacking. The reader is left feeling a straw man has been dissected.

　　格雷的著作則更富陰郁而強(qiáng)硬的氣息，其創(chuàng)作野心也更為遠(yuǎn)大。加頓阿什樂(lè)于抨擊西方存在的具體缺陷，但格雷卻著手拆解整個(gè)體系的淺薄哲學(xué)根基，尤其是關(guān)于進(jìn)步和完美性的現(xiàn)代神話。在他的筆下，人類(lèi)已達(dá)到歷史的終結(jié)之理論，世俗自由主義的教義、金融賭場(chǎng)資本主義以及能源密集型經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)被一一推翻。由格雷對(duì)此類(lèi)問(wèn)題加以縝密研究，實(shí)非牛刀殺雞之舉，而其批判也頗為中肯;不過(guò)他卻往往走得太遠(yuǎn)，一次一次地，格雷對(duì)他所稱(chēng)的新自由主義者加以口誅筆伐，然而卻幾乎從不指明其具體的抨擊對(duì)象。這讓讀者們不禁感到，格雷所剖開(kāi)的只是一個(gè)稻草人而已。

　　The finest pieces in Mr Gray s book are satire. One is a Swiftian essay in favour of torture. Even better is a devastatingparody of the Marxist approach to linguistics, involving a visit by LudwigWittgenstein to the Soviet Union, and his relationship with an Hungarianacademic, L. Revai, who idealises the grunts of slave labourers as a proletarian Ursprache.

　　此書(shū)中最好的作品當(dāng)屬諷刺文學(xué)。一篇支持酷刑的斯威夫特式隨筆可算在其中;而另一篇極佳的戲仿之作更令人叫絕，此文模仿了語(yǔ)言學(xué)的馬克思主義研究模式，其情節(jié)包括路德維希維特根斯坦對(duì)蘇聯(lián)的一次訪問(wèn)，以及他與匈牙利學(xué)者L列瓦伊的交往，這位匈牙利學(xué)者將奴工的咕噥聲理想化，將之提升至無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)原始語(yǔ)的高度。

　　In Mr Gray s most substantial essay, An agenda for Green conservatism, he attemptsto rescue conservatism from the ideological excesses of the 1980s. This is athought-provoking enterprise, deserving a book on its own. But if it became a book, theauthor s views on such things as the failings of professional monopolies in education andhealth would benefit from more statistics and fewer assertionscalling, perhaps, forinvestment in a researcher.

　　而在其最有分量的文章綠色保守主義之議程中，格雷試圖將保守主義從二十世紀(jì)八十年代的意識(shí)形態(tài)泛濫中拯救出來(lái)。這一嘗試之舉引人深思，話題本身甚至值得以專(zhuān)著加以探討。但若果真成書(shū)，那么作者對(duì)諸如教育與健康領(lǐng)域職業(yè)壟斷的失敗等議題所持有的見(jiàn)解，便需從更多的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)中獲益，而憑空斷言在其中所起的作用則應(yīng)減少這可能需要在研究者方面的投入。

　　As Mr Garton Ash rightly points out, it is facts, ultimately, that are subversive.

　　正如加頓阿什恰如其分之言：最終，具有顛覆性的其實(shí)還是事實(shí)。

　　Mightier than the sword

　　雄文勝武

　　The collected thoughts on this, that and the other oftwo clever men;

　　兩位智者對(duì)于世間百態(tài)的思想?yún)R聚;

　　When writers are grand enough, they can producebooks by recycling their journalism, lectures,academic papers and other jottings. Sometimesthat can seem dated and lazy. Sometimes it is atreat: the assorted pieces come together to create a great mosaic. Neither Facts areSubversive by Timothy Garton Ash, an Oxford-based writer and academic, nor Gray sAnatomy by John Gray, a political philosopher, fall into the first trap . They are both good reads. But neither quite reaches the goal of the whole beingmore interesting than the parts.

　　當(dāng)作者之聲名足夠顯赫時(shí)，他們只需將其資訊稿件、講演錄、學(xué)術(shù)論文以及其他只言片語(yǔ)回爐再加工一番，新書(shū)便告完成。有時(shí)，這種做法似乎是在偷工減料地翻炒冷飯;有時(shí)，它卻為讀者奉上一場(chǎng)新的盛宴：混雜的碎片化零為整，一幅偉大的鑲嵌作品從中誕生。無(wú)論是由身處牛津的作家與學(xué)者提摩西加頓阿什所著之《事實(shí)方具顛覆性》，還是政治哲學(xué)家約翰格雷的作品《格雷剖析錄》，都未陷入前一種窘境，兩者皆為優(yōu)秀的讀物;不過(guò)，它們也未完全實(shí)現(xiàn)令整體勝于部分的目標(biāo)。

　　Mr Garton Ash is incapable of writing a dull article. Unlike some famous-name writers, he isproud to be a reporter: whatever the subject, he digs diligently. He observes sharply andwith a dry donnish wit that deserves greater play. A remarkable wordsmith, at his best hehas an echo of one of his great heroes, George Orwell. The pieces range from his firststamping-grounds of Germany and central Europe to the bigger themes he took on later and tomore exotic places, including Brazil, Iran and Myanmar.

　　加頓阿什不會(huì)撰寫(xiě)那些干澀無(wú)趣的文章，與某些知名作家不同，他為身為記者而自豪：無(wú)論面對(duì)何種主題，他都會(huì)勤奮挖掘素材。其評(píng)論一針見(jiàn)血，字里行間所透出之學(xué)究式的冷冷嘲諷，讓人讀來(lái)不禁有大材小用之嘆。這位非凡的語(yǔ)言大師在其巔峰時(shí)期，甚至能在筆下中重現(xiàn)喬治奧威爾當(dāng)年的風(fēng)采，而后者正是加頓阿什心目中的偉大英雄人物之一。本書(shū)收錄的零散作品，其范圍從他最初頻繁涉足的德國(guó)與中歐，延伸到他于日后挑戰(zhàn)的更大主題，并一直遠(yuǎn)達(dá)更富異域情調(diào)的地區(qū)，其中包括巴西、伊朗和緬甸。

　　His aim is to chronicle the history of the nameless decade, the period that began with theterrorist attacks on America in September 2001 and ended with the election of BarackObama last year. The subjects encompassed in that time include authoritariangovernments, the challenge to liberalism raised by Islam and the corrosive combinationof the Bush administration s bungled foreign policy and Europe s unthinking anti-Americanism.

　　加頓阿什旨在為無(wú)名年代修史，這一時(shí)期始于2001年九月美國(guó)所受之恐怖襲擊，止于去年巴拉克奧巴馬當(dāng)選。其間所含的主題包括威權(quán)主義政府、伊斯蘭教向自由主義發(fā)起的挑戰(zhàn)，以及由布什政府的外交失策與歐洲輕率的反美思潮所構(gòu)成之惡性結(jié)合。

　　But Mr Garton Ash s silver nib wiggles past those constraints. The best essays in the book aretimeless. One is a nuanced and convincing piece, both sympathetic and devastating,about Gnter Grass, the German novelist, who revealed in his memoirs that he had brieflybeen in the Waffen SS. Did that taint Mr Grass s books, or his role in public life, or both orneither? Was it the wartime service that was shameful, or its concealment over decades?Mr Garton Ash brings the reader sure-footedly through the thickets of Germany s post-warhistory and through the marshy ground of moral relativism. He points to the real scandal:that Mr Grass was himself so casually splenetic over so many years about other people sshortcomings, while concealing his own.

　　不過(guò)加頓阿什的妙筆卻如行云流水一般無(wú)拘無(wú)束，書(shū)中最佳的作品并不為時(shí)代背景所累。其中，關(guān)于德國(guó)小說(shuō)家君特格拉斯的一篇文章細(xì)致入微、令人信服，字詞間既存有惻隱，又不留情面;這位德國(guó)作家在其回憶錄中透露，當(dāng)年曾短暫效力于納粹黨衛(wèi)軍。這段歷史是令其著作黯然失色?還是使他在公共生活中所扮演的角色沾上污點(diǎn)?或者說(shuō)兩者都未能幸免，抑或皆不受其影響?究竟是戰(zhàn)時(shí)服役一事令其蒙羞，還是日后數(shù)十年之隱瞞為人不齒?在加頓阿什的帶領(lǐng)下，讀者們步履穩(wěn)健地穿過(guò)了德國(guó)戰(zhàn)后歷史的迷宮，走出了道德相對(duì)主義的泥潭，真正的丑行被他指出：這么多年以來(lái)，格拉斯在給自己遮羞的同時(shí)，卻對(duì)他人的短處如此隨意地表現(xiàn)出義憤填膺之狀。

　　Another excellent piece touches on a comparable issue: the list of suspected communistsympathisers that Orwell supplied to the British authorities in 1949. Again, Mr Garton Ash isscrupulously fair, highlighting Orwell s sincere fear of communistinfiltration, as well as his fumbling feelings for Celia Kirwan, the British official involved.

　　另一篇杰作則涉及到一個(gè)與前例有可比性的話題：奧威爾于1949年向英國(guó)當(dāng)局提交的那份共產(chǎn)主義疑似同情者的名單。加頓阿什再一次地表現(xiàn)出了一絲不茍的公正態(tài)度，在文中強(qiáng)調(diào)了奧威爾對(duì)共產(chǎn)主義滲透行為的真切恐懼，以及他對(duì)希蓮柯雯所抱有的為愛(ài)所醉之情。

　　Some of the reworked articles are commendable journalism, but do not quite stand the testof time. Mr Garton Ash s observations from his trip to Iran in 2005 seem a bit whiskery now.It is nostalgic to read about the fall of crony capitalism in Ukraine five years ago. But thereader is left hankering to know what Mr Garton Ash thinks about the mess that hassucceeded it. A fiercer editor might have left out such pieces, and pruned the author soccasional lapses into self-indulgence . Thatmay not matter in individual newspaper columns. It jars when collected in a book.

　　在經(jīng)過(guò)重新修訂的文章中，有一些是可圈可點(diǎn)的資訊稿件，不過(guò)它們并不能完全經(jīng)受住時(shí)間的考驗(yàn)。加頓阿什從其2005年伊朗之行中得出的觀察結(jié)論在今天看來(lái)已有幾分過(guò)時(shí);他關(guān)于五年前權(quán)貴資本主義在烏克蘭垮臺(tái)的文章，如今讀來(lái)確實(shí)令人懷念往昔;但讀者們想了解加頓阿什對(duì)于政權(quán)更迭之后的亂局有何見(jiàn)解的渴望卻未得到滿足。換做一位下手更狠的編輯，此類(lèi)文章大概會(huì)被略去，而作者偶然的敗筆也會(huì)被修剪成隨性之舉的模樣。對(duì)于個(gè)別的報(bào)紙專(zhuān)欄而言，出現(xiàn)這一問(wèn)題可能無(wú)傷大雅;但匯集成書(shū)后，它便顯得甚為刺眼。

　　Mr Gray s book is darker, grittier and more ambitious. Mr Garton Ash is happy to lambastthe West s specific shortcomings but Mr Gray sets out to unpick the shallow philosophicalfoundations of the whole edifice, in particular the modern myths about progress andperfectibility. He demolishes the theory that we have reached the end of history, thedogmas of secular liberalism, the weaknesses of financial casino capitalism and the limits ofenergy-intensive economic growth. Such targets deserve his scrutiny and Mr Gray scriticisms are cogent. But he tends to overdo it. Again and again he attacks thepeople he calls neoliberals without pinning down whom he isattacking. The reader is left feeling a straw man has been dissected.

　　格雷的著作則更富陰郁而強(qiáng)硬的氣息，其創(chuàng)作野心也更為遠(yuǎn)大。加頓阿什樂(lè)于抨擊西方存在的具體缺陷，但格雷卻著手拆解整個(gè)體系的淺薄哲學(xué)根基，尤其是關(guān)于進(jìn)步和完美性的現(xiàn)代神話。在他的筆下，人類(lèi)已達(dá)到歷史的終結(jié)之理論，世俗自由主義的教義、金融賭場(chǎng)資本主義以及能源密集型經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)被一一推翻。由格雷對(duì)此類(lèi)問(wèn)題加以縝密研究，實(shí)非牛刀殺雞之舉，而其批判也頗為中肯;不過(guò)他卻往往走得太遠(yuǎn)，一次一次地，格雷對(duì)他所稱(chēng)的新自由主義者加以口誅筆伐，然而卻幾乎從不指明其具體的抨擊對(duì)象。這讓讀者們不禁感到，格雷所剖開(kāi)的只是一個(gè)稻草人而已。

　　The finest pieces in Mr Gray s book are satire. One is a Swiftian essay in favour of torture. Even better is a devastatingparody of the Marxist approach to linguistics, involving a visit by LudwigWittgenstein to the Soviet Union, and his relationship with an Hungarianacademic, L. Revai, who idealises the grunts of slave labourers as a proletarian Ursprache.

　　此書(shū)中最好的作品當(dāng)屬諷刺文學(xué)。一篇支持酷刑的斯威夫特式隨筆可算在其中;而另一篇極佳的戲仿之作更令人叫絕，此文模仿了語(yǔ)言學(xué)的馬克思主義研究模式，其情節(jié)包括路德維希維特根斯坦對(duì)蘇聯(lián)的一次訪問(wèn)，以及他與匈牙利學(xué)者L列瓦伊的交往，這位匈牙利學(xué)者將奴工的咕噥聲理想化，將之提升至無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)原始語(yǔ)的高度。

　　In Mr Gray s most substantial essay, An agenda for Green conservatism, he attemptsto rescue conservatism from the ideological excesses of the 1980s. This is athought-provoking enterprise, deserving a book on its own. But if it became a book, theauthor s views on such things as the failings of professional monopolies in education andhealth would benefit from more statistics and fewer assertionscalling, perhaps, forinvestment in a researcher.

　　而在其最有分量的文章綠色保守主義之議程中，格雷試圖將保守主義從二十世紀(jì)八十年代的意識(shí)形態(tài)泛濫中拯救出來(lái)。這一嘗試之舉引人深思，話題本身甚至值得以專(zhuān)著加以探討。但若果真成書(shū)，那么作者對(duì)諸如教育與健康領(lǐng)域職業(yè)壟斷的失敗等議題所持有的見(jiàn)解，便需從更多的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)中獲益，而憑空斷言在其中所起的作用則應(yīng)減少這可能需要在研究者方面的投入。

　　As Mr Garton Ash rightly points out, it is facts, ultimately, that are subversive.

　　正如加頓阿什恰如其分之言：最終，具有顛覆性的其實(shí)還是事實(shí)。